Leonardo da Vincis Study of Hands

This beautiful sketch of three hands is in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle exemplifies Leonardo da Vincis intense attention to, even fascination with, anatomical correctness and the effects of light and shadow. At the bottom, one hand is folded underneath another, more developed one, as if resting in a lap. That lightly-sketched hand seems to be the ghost of the top hand, which holds a sprig of some sort of plant–the outline of the thumb is nearly identical. These two highly developed hands are worked up with dark cross-hatchings and white chalk highlights, creating a sense of mass even on a sheet of paper. In each, everything from the muscles of thumb-pads to the wrinkles of skin along the joints of the fingers is depicted with the utmost care. Even when Leonardo lightly sketches the rest of the forearm or the ghost hand, his lines are deft and confident, showing how much he strove to depict the human form correctly. A Preliminary Study? Although the first instance of his studies of anatomy and dissection is not until 1489, in the Windsor manuscript B,  his interest in the subject would no doubt have been bubbling just beneath the surface, and it is certainly evident in this sketch. Leonardo seemed to draw his ideas and notes as they came to him, and in this vein, we also see a lightly sketched head of an old man in the upper left corner; perhaps one of those quick caricatures of a man whose peculiar features struck him as he passed. Many scholars take this sketch as a preliminary study for  The Portrait of a Lady,  who could very possibly be the famous Renaissance beauty Ginevra de Benci, in the National Gallery, Washington, D.C. Although art historian Giorgio  Vasari (1511–1574) tells us that Leonardo did indeed create a portrait of Ginevra—an extremely beautiful painting, he tells us—there is no outright evidence that she is, indeed, a portrait of Ginevra. Additionally, while there is clear evidence that the portrait had been cut down,  there is no further documentation or other drawings that would definitively allow us to say that these hands are hers. Nevertheless, the National Gallery has created a composite image of the sketch and the portrait. Is it Ginevra de Benci? Ginevra de Benci was an important Renaissance figure, and John Walker  of the National Galler has argued convincingly that she is the subject of Leonardos portrait. Born about 1458 into an extremely wealthy and well-connected Florentine family,  Ginevra was a talented poet and friends with the foremost Renaissance patron Lorenzo de Medici (1469–1492). If this is indeed Ginevra, the portrait is further complicated by its patron. While it could have possibly been commissioned in celebration of her marriage to Luigi Niccolini, there is also a possibility that it was commissioned by her possibly platonic lover Bernardo Bembo.  Indeed, no less than three poets, including the aforementioned Lorenzo de Medici himself, wrote of their affair.  There is another sketch dubiously attached to the Ginevra portrait,  Young Woman Seated in a Landscape with a Unicorn, in the Ashmolean Museum; the unicorns presence, like the credo on the verso of the painting (beauty adorns virtue), speak to her innocence and virtue. Sources and Further Reading Giorgio Vasari, The Life of Leonardo da Vinci, Florentine Painter and Sculptor,  The Lives of the Artists, trans. Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 293.Walker, John. Ginevra de Benci  by Leonardo da Vinci.  Report Studies in the History of Art.  Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1969: 1-22.

An Reflective Personal Reflection With Analysis And Judgement

2. Personal Development The second part of the essay is to provide an introspective personal reflection with analysis and judgement, on how I have developed, when I worked through the module of Business Game, with the demonstration of past, present and future learning and development needs. 2.1 What have I learned? Firstly, the simulation allows me to be able to gain some business knowledge which as known as commercial awareness. CESIM Global Challenge provides a simulated environment of operating a business. As the time goes by, market conditions are changeable in different periods as demand, costs and finance keep on changing. According to what I have learnt in the module of BS2232 Business Policy, when facing fierce competition with a†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, our â€Å"primary identity should be of a member of the team instead of as an individual so as to be committed to the collective output† (Tajfel and Turner, 1986), which is to achieve the most total shareholder return. Last but not least, when facing challenges and making decisions in the simulation, my problem-solving ability has been developed, I endeavour to work out the most reasonable decisions which would possibly give a highest cumulative shareholder return, particularly when the unfavourable market conditions occur. 2.2 How can it be applied to personal or professional goals? Personally, I have finally secured a study placement of being an exchange student in Drexel University of the USA. After completion of the undergraduate degree, my ambition is to be a director of a multinational company by making use of the techniques and knowledge I have learnt in university. With all the work experiences I would have gained for a few years, I would like to undertake an MBA degree in university. For the skills and abilities that I have developed through Business Game including commercial awareness, team-working and problem-solving skills, are all applicable to my personal and professional goals. For instance, team-working is undoubtedly applicable to future study and career life, since it is a key skill needed by a wide range of organisations. It isShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Reflection And How It Aids The Professional Development Of A Newly Graduated Nurse1622 Words   |  7 Pagesis common in the field of nursing to utilise reflection to critically analyse certain experiences and reflect on how they made them feel and react. This involves looking deeper into a particular experience and deciding what was good, what was bad and what would be a better course of action if they were to re encounter it in the future. However there may be potential barriers when trying to make judgements about a students inner most thoughts and personal experiences. The purpose of this ess ay is toRead MoreReflective Models Used by Nurses Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Practice Introduction: Reflection its self is looking into personal thoughts and actions. 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The Main Purpose of This Assignment

Question: Explain The main purpose of this assignment. Answer: The main purpose of this assignment is to focus on business from global perspective. It mainly examines on international cases on business organization and explained with proper justification for the same. It takes cases outside the home country. In this particular assignment, home country is Australia and organization is taken from other countries for proper analysis. It explains ethical and corporate responsibility of ASDA Company dealing in retail sector. It further defines country market analysis on ALDI supermarket discount chain with proper justification. Addition to that, international business of Marks Spencer is explained. It clearly demonstrates on Nike strategies in entering into foreign markets. Sainsbury research and development conducts market research for understanding needs and expectations of consumers. Wal-Mart Company logistics is explained in terms of production and outsourcing. At the end of the study, Tesco emerges in international global markets and encourages human resource management for the same. Ethical and Corporate Responsibility In this particular segment, ASDA Company is taken into study. ASDA suppliers deal in direct as well as domestic markets. It sources manufactured products in setting minimum set of international acceptable conditions for employment standard (Winer Dhar, 2011). ASDA focus on maintaining safe and hygiene work environment for its employees. Suppliers of ASDA should comply with policies as well as operating high standards of business practice. It should be in accordance with national laws and regulations in and around supplier country. It commits maintaining from strict application of policies as well as designed in ethical, achievable and universal norms. Suppliers should meet terms in case related to national law. Reasonable time frames as well as existence of constraints take suppliers into account (Pasquier Villeneuve, 2012). Country Market Analysis In this particular segment, ALDI Supermarket is taken under study. It is a German-based supermarket chain. This particular retail organization aims at exporting the opportunities for smaller firms in benefiting from international trade. It indulges in great promise for exporting of large revenue as well as profit opportunities in foreign markets. It enables in achieving economies of scale as well as lowering of unit costs (Clow Baack, 2012). ALDI faces issues with poor market analysis that makes it difficult in competing with other retail chain in and around the world. It lacks effective distribution program as well as securing financing in an overall manner (Paliwoda, Andrews Chen, 2012). Strategy of International Business Marks Spencer is one of the leading UK retailers in 1330 stores in and around world. It commits for delivering sustainable values for shareholders. It provides high quality clothing and home products on an international basis. This particular business organization has unique qualities in outperforming with competitors (Frynas Mellahi, 2011). It is a brand house with single brand name St.Michael. It helps in creation of perceptions that appeals in particular market and development of global business at the same time. It ensures good quality, value as well as services in and around the globe. Experience enhances qualities that are universally transportable in other markets. It is adapted as per the local needs as well as requirements in an overall manner. It ensures superior performance depending upon the organization ability in deployment of developing competencies (Peter Donnelly, 2011). It relies upon successful strategies in understanding the ability of organization in undertaki ng demanding activities at high level. Mark Spencer is a fast developed technological base as well as well-developed organizational infrastructure. It deals with cost-efficient with large-scale logistical activities in the most appropriate way. European markets providing company with utmost opportunities in market development as well as gaining economies of scale as increased buying power (Murphy Murphy, 2012). Entering foreign markets Nike establishes markets in America and desires in expanding in foreign markets in the year 1972. It selects in expanding in Australia in the year 1974. The main motive is to increase revenue as well as establish consumer base in other countries. Nike focuses on athletic brand as well as expanding into sport industries. Nike needs to be careful in entering into new markets as it poses risks in financing and asset acquisition for the same (GarciÃÅ' a-Merino Santos-AÃÅ' larez, 2011). It requires in taking into consideration like environment, weather as well as culture in establishing ways in new markets. Nike makes large investments in countries like India, China and Brazil. Nike focuses on creation of new styles for youth as well as fitness crazed consumer. International Marketing and Research and Development Sainsbury is UK-based retail industry. On analysis, it is noticed that Sainsbury Plc has conducted market research for expanding globally in next overseas market, India. Sainsbury is the third biggest grocery in terms of market shares (Hunger Wheelen, 2011). It aims at intensifying efforts in expansion in and outside home market. Sainsbury looks for acquisitions and joint venture with China. International production, outsourcing and logistics In this particular segment, Wal-Mart is taken under study as an international source in understanding their production, outsourcing and logistics attributes (Lee Carter, 2012). Wal-Mart is US-based Company that deals in retail sector and occupies topmost position in the market. Wal-Mart applies for Remix strategy in alignment with supply chain relationships. It revolves around shipper assertion that encourages vendors for coordinating LTI shipping schedules (Kotabe Helsen 2011). It involves as logistics providers as well as carriers in arriving as full truckloads in and at stores for the same. Inventory management ensures responsibility of vendors and logistics providers in the near future. It supports ways for complex loading of trucks and other transport modes. Most of the costs are borne by the vendor as well as third-party provider. International Human Resource Management In this particular section, Tesco is taken under study that gives overview on its international human resource management. Tesco is a multinational UK-based Company dealing in retailing sector. Tesco pays more attention in training as well as developing programs. This program is for all the employees working at Tesco multinational corporations. The management of Tesco formulates in effective employee training programs for employees (Kotler Keller, 2012). In accordance with Recruitment and Selection strategy of Tesco, training programs results in effective human resource development as well as good working environment for the same. HR strategy considers as an issue prevailing in large organization. Tesco is one of the good examples in this global context. There are altogether 470000 employees in and around the world. Tesco believes in developing overall culture of an organization. HR managers require using various HR strategies in supporting with same goals. Tesco aims at motivating employees for working more and becoming productive at the same time. It ensures retention of existing employees as well as customer because it is cost effective. Acquisition of new customers will cost high for the same. Recruitment of new employees requires training session and incurs cost also (Lancaster Massingham, 2011). Research on the quality of report writing expected from employers today Report should be written in understandable form that wills include rules as well as regulations for the employers working in an organization. Working for organization that aims at employee retention policies as well as keeping healthy work environment at the same time. Securing suitable job with recognized multinational organization requires in candidates. Candidates should have the zeal of confidence as well as confidence in working in challenging workplace. Desired candidates should make ways in becoming true assets to the organization. Employers are expected to understand employee grievances as well as help them as far as possible. Employers should motivate employees working in an organization and design them ways in coordinating in the upcoming years. Employers and employees should work together towards attainment of goals as well as objectives at the same time. It should undertake transparent communication whereby employers and employees are free to communication with each other for smooth functioning of business organization. Reference List Clow, K. Baack, D. (2012).Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Frynas, J. Mellahi, K. (2011).Global strategic management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. GarciÃÅ' a-Merino, T. Santos-AÃÅ' larez, V. (2011).Managerial cognition and strategic management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Hunger, J. Wheelen, T. (2011).Essentials of strategic management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Kotabe, M. Helsen, K. (2011).Global marketing management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Kotler, P. Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lancaster, G. Massingham, L. (2011).Essentials of marketing management. London: Routledge. Lee, K. Carter, S. (2012).Global marketing management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Murphy, P. Murphy, A. (2012).Strategic management for tourism communities. Clevedon: Channel View Publications. Paliwoda, S., Andrews, T., Chen, J. (2012).Marketing management in Asia. New York: Routledge. Pasquier, M. Villeneuve, J. (2012).Marketing management and communications in the public sector. New York: Routledge. Peter, J. Donnelly, J. (2011).A preface to marketing management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Winer, R. Dhar, R. (2011).Marketing management. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Research Paper on HIV and Children Essay Example

Research Paper on HIV and Children Essay This paper will focus on the problems connected with children and HIV. HIV and AIDS are severe illnesses of the last and this century, and the worst fact is that children also suffer from them. It is commonly considered that AIDS is a kind of disease that can kill adult people. But there is a great number of problems connected with children with AIDS or orphans, whose parents died because of this terrible disease and so on. As this virus usually is transmitted through sexual relations or drugs usage rarely is it associated with children affection. But in reality, millions of children all over the world live with HIV. We will stop now a little at the term â€Å"HIV positive,† it means that a person was infected with HIV and there are antibodies or markers for HIV in his blood, in other words, hi is â€Å"positive† for antidotes. The main aim of the immune system in the body of a person is to fight with bacteria and viruses and the immune system produces antibodies. But although the immune system can produce the antibodies for HIV it is not enough to kill the virus. HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus is the cause of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). The statistical research shows that about 3.1 million people die every year in the whole world and among them about half a million are children below 15. By the end of 2005, about 2.3 million children were living with HIV, taking into consideration that exact figures might be higher at some less-developed countries as they do not have enough facilities to provide the calculation of exact numbers. To accept the death is rather difficult for an adult person and children this is a tragedy as most of them are not even aware of the cause of their coming death. According to international laws, a child is a person under 18 years old. Most of AIDS organizations consider children to be below the age of 15. Thus we can not rely upon the facts concerning the number of ill children as sometimes the children from 15 to 18 are not counted. By the year 2005, about 700 000 children were infected with HIV, and about 80 % of them were from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, the Caribbean. Most of the children were infected by their mothers during pregnancy or breastfeeding. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on HIV and Children specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on HIV and Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on HIV and Children specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the researchers, more than a quarter of children who are born with HIV live no longer than a year, about 60 % die before they become two years old. In some countries where the incomes of people are higher, the number of transmissions of HIV from mothers to children is lower as there is usually a great range of medications and they allow children live till adulthood. It is clear that with enough funding and staff and resources the high rates of deaths of children infected with HIV in lower-developed countries could be avoided. There are several ways how children are affected by HIV. First of all, there are a lot of children who are HIV+ themselves. Other children have to live with their family members who are HIV +, children are to take care of their parents who have AIDS; children become orphans when they lose one of both parents who had AIDS; children have to become the heads of the families as sometimes they also have to care for their younger sisters and brothers; very often children have to work and earn money in order to pay for expensive medications. In the community they live in, children also suffer from discriminations, lose their close people due to AIDS, as doctors and nurses die as well there appears the lack of medical care for children who need it. One of the main ways the child gets infected is – mother-to-child transmission. It is not always so that children get infected in the womb during their mothers are pregnant, but such cases are not rare. Even if they were not infected in the womb, they contact the fluids of their mother during the birth process and can become infected this way as well. Later on when a mother starts breastfeeding appears another danger of infection. There are some cases when although the mother is not infected, her child is, this happens in the medical setting where children contact with infected blood products or not sterilized needles or some other medical equipment. In some wealthy countries the doctors do their best to avoid such situations, but in some less-developed countries, the risk is rather high. The bright example could be the situation in Romania. Between the years 1987 and 1991, about 10 000 babies and small children were infected after contaminated injections and unscreened blood transfusions. It was already said that such ways of infection as drug usage and sexual activity are more associated with adults, but in fact, they are the same risk situations for children who come closer to the age of 15-16. The factual age of children who start their sexual life does not correspond with the age when it is considered to be appropriate. Young people are also inclined to using drugs. In undeveloped and as well in developed countries, not all children receive enough sexual education. The reasons are different, either moral or religious beliefs, cultural reasons or lack of resources. Some children start their sexual life or start taking drugs not being even informed about the risk they are taking. They often do not know about the ways of protecting themselves from infection and other unpleasant consequences. There are some situations when children are raped or become victims of sexual abuse, and as a result, are infected, in case the abuser was HIV+. Children suffer in this case not only from psychological trauma but the illness as well. Not in all countries enough attention is paid to this issue, on the contrary in South Africa, for example, exists a myth that a virgin can cure a man with HIV – as a result, men with HIV+ rape children, sometimes really young ones. In some developing countries, where children have to look for food and protection, sex for money brings HIV infection to them. Children have almost the same illnesses like mumps, measles, chickenpox, but for children who are not HIV+ these diseases are not of great risk, children HIV+ usually have to suffer longer from these illnesses and hardly react on the usual treatment means. As children have a really low level of their immune system is it not possible to give them the general vaccines, generally recommended for children. In children, HIV progresses into AIDS much sooner as in adults if children are without necessary treatment. They are at a high risk of dying during their first years. Besides, it is more important for children to have a better trained medical staff than it is for adult people. But in some countries like Africa for example, children are to be happy if they have any medical care. It is not allowed to use the less quantity of the same drugs that are used for adults, but this is the only way out for some less-developed countries. The doctors have just to break the pills into smaller pieces never knowing for sure that the child got the necessary dose of the medicine. In some occasions, children are given the same doses of the drugs as adults. As it was already mentioned, it is quite possible to avoid the transmission of HIV from mother to a child in case of appropriate intervention. The main methods are as follows: helping women to prevent HIV infection helping women to prevent pregnancy in case they are HIV+ special test procedures for women to identify whether they are HIV+ Women with HIV+ are at a greater risk of passing the virus to their children if their viral load is high. There are ways of lowering her viral load through special good treatment. Thus the chances for her baby not to be infected are higher. If it is not possible to give the mother the necessary treatment she and her child are offered a dose of nevirapine, before or after birth.This is the worst treatment option, but in some areas, this is the only one. An HIV+ pregnant woman might choose a cesarean section birth – surgical interference. The negative moment about this choice is the part of risk as well as in any other surgical procedure. If a baby is born and not infected from his HIV+ mother, it is possible to use artificial milk to avoid infection during breastfeeding. All these methods were for preventing the infection of newborn children, but all children need our attention. Even taking into account all legal means to keep children from using drugs or becoming sexually active too early, it is clear that it is not possible to provide 100% control and there always will be children who will break this laws and rules. At any rate children and youngsters should receive appropriate sexual health and HIV/AIDS education for them to make a more conscious choice about starting to get sex experience or drugs usage. Children should be taught how to avoid all possible dangers and risks connected with drugs; they should know the ways of protecting themselves and should be made aware of the places or special centers where they can get the support of help in case they need it, without judging them. There is a great number of treatment procedures that are to be used for children who are HIV+ or were born from HIV+ mothers. There is a common way of testing to check the antibodies of the virus. Every baby born from HIV+ mother is supposed to have them in his body. Then the test gives the positive result even if the baby is not infected. The results of such test are useless for the first 18 months of baby’s life. If the more complicated medical equipment is available another test could be done – viral load test. It also identifies HIV in a baby. Concerning the treatment procedures of children, it is a necessity to mention that the first part of treatment is monitoring the children to look after their health. The viral load tests and CD4 cell-counts cannot provide exact results for children as their immune system is not enough developed. According to doctors children are to receive fewer drugs during their treatment course. Children with HIV+ are at a risk of opportunistic infections – these are the infections that cause death. The typical example of such infection is PCP (this is a type of pneumonia), usually is met by very young children. It often happens so that a child who is HIV+ has another family member who is infected and thus this child could suffer from financial hardships as well. The emotional suffering in such families comes after losing a parent or close relative who had AIDS. If the child is HIV + or just has HIV, he needs a great portion of emotional support and care from the community. Children with HIV or AIDS very often experience discrimination in the community; they have to take care of their families, often have to leave school, and earn money for the family. Some children are left to their relatives, uncles or grandparents in cases of death of both parents, but sometimes they stay utterly alone and even have to take care of their younger sisters and brothers, such families are called – child-headed households, such children, are vulnerable to exploitation and HIV infection as well. Some people do their best to help such children either with food or clothes. Some health problems can be the results of HIV: HIV encephalopathy – HIV crosses the brain. Usually, the parts of the brain responsible for child’s talking and moving are affected. Such children have problems with a stiffness of the arms or legs, have problems with coordination. Children can not learn new words or experiences difficulties in talking process. The normal speed of development is not possible anymore, children sometimes even lose skills they have already gained before. Recurrent bacterial infections like ear infections, blood infections, meningitis are quite common. Children who do not have HIV are also vulnerable to such infections, but if the child has these infections for many times, this is the bad sign that the immune system of a child is ruined. Problems with gaining weight or not growing are also common for children with HIV. Children lose appetite because of drug treatment often. Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complications are also the results of HIV. It is natural that parents of infected children are worried about infecting others. They should be informed that people do not catch this virus just living in the same house or using the same school or playground. Pets and insects do not pass the virus either. The usual hygiene means are to be used with children with HIV; the only extra care should be taken about blood. It is necessary to put on gloves when dealing blood. In case the child was cut somewhere a bandage should be put for 24 hours. If some splashes of blood got on somebody’s face or skin, it is necessary to wash them away as soon as possible. The towel which was used while washing should be put into a plastic bag and thrown away. Dishes and other utensils can be washed the usual way since the virus is not transmitted this way. Parents of children with HIV should also pay attention to giving children their medicines. Other important questions that parents of children with HIV face are the question whom to tell about the virus in the family. Such decisions are very private and should be taken only by parents themselves; it is only very important to inform health staff working with such children, like nurses and social workers, dentists and other family doctors. Some serious infections can start in the mouth, that’s why it is important to make the regular visits to the dentist. Parents should also remember that a child infected by this virus suffers not only physically but emotionally as well, because of intimidation by doctors, because of feeling lonely if the child is taken to hospital from his family, if one of the parents dies because of AIDS, because of possible side effects of medicines. Although too young, children might experience the fear of disability or even death. In such cases, parents need the help of professionals, doctors, social workers, sometimes even the pieces of advice from other parents whose children are infected. Overall, AIDS and HIV are tremendous and global problems of people all over the world. Millions of people suffer from them, and the most terrible fact is that some part of them is children. In this paper, we considered some basic notions connected with this virus, studied the research dealing this problem, learned about the crucial issues that should be taken into consideration by people taking care of children with HIV and so on.